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public and political relations through a lack of discourse. The pandemic has increased income

inequality, endangering two decades of steady progress, while the war in Ukraine is adding to an
already high number of refugees around the globe. Solving this problem includes improving
regulations and monitoring financial markets and institutions, encouraging development aid and
FDI for those countries that are in need, and safe migration and mobility of all people. This
subchapter provides insight into this multifaceted issue.

● Targets, means of implementation and data
The tenth goal reads: “Reduce inequality within and among countries“, and is supported by 10
targets as follows:

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the
population at a rate higher than the national average

10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all,
irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating

discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and
action in this regard
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively

achieve greater equality
10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and
strengthen the implementation of such regulations

10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in
global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible,
accountable and legitimate institutions

10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including
through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in
particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements

10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct
investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African
countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance
with their national plans and programs

10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and
eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent

Apart from the UN database (UN, 2022c), Eurostat (2022a, 2022e) and World Bank (2022) collect
data on Income Inequality, Social Exclusion, Poverty, and other relevant indicators in this area.
Targets are summed up in Table 4. The first seven targets are denoted by numbers, while the
remaining three are denoted by letters and refer to the means of implementation.

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